ʻO nā waiʻula Sulfide kekahi ʻano o ka sulfur me ka paʻakikī molekala.Hana ʻia ia me kekahi mau amine ʻono, aminophenols a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe i hoʻomehana ʻia me ka sulfur a i ʻole ka sodium polysulfide, ʻo ia hoʻi, vulcanized.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā kala Sulfide i ka wai, a i ke kala ʻana, pono lākou e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka sodium sulfide a i ʻole ka ʻinikua ʻinikua pauka e hoʻemi i ka leaches, a laila oxidized e hōʻike i ke kala ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i ka fiber.
ʻO ka nānā ʻana o nā wai kala sulfur
Ua hana ʻia nā dyes Vulcanized no ka hoʻolulo ʻana i ka fiber cellulose no ka manawa mua mai ka makahiki 1873, a he maʻalahi kāna kaʻina hana, maʻamau i hana ʻia me nā amines aromatic a i ʻole nā mea phenolic i hui pū ʻia me ka sulfur a i ʻole ka sodium polysulfide a me ka wela.ʻO ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, maʻalahi ka hoʻohana ʻana, ʻaʻohe kaohi ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa, me ka wikiwiki holoi holoi a me ka wikiwiki o ka lā, he mea pena kaulana.Eia naʻe, no ka mea, he papa ia o ka wai-insoluble dyes, i ka wā e hoʻoluʻu ai, ua hoʻemi ʻia lākou i ka soluble lemony sodium paʻakai i loko o ka hopena alkali sulfide, ma hope o ke kala ʻana i ka fiber kanaka, ma hope o ka oxidation e lilo i insoluble state i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka fiber, no laila ke kaʻina hana dyeing. paʻakikī, a ma lalo o nā kūlana alkaline ikaika ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hulu hipa, siliki a me nā mea protein ʻē aʻe.
No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea pena vulcanized i ke kala ʻana i nā fiber cellulose, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ke kala ʻana i nā huahana ʻeleʻele o nā lole pulupulu, ʻo ia nā waihoʻoluʻu ʻelua o ka Sulfide dyes he ʻano sulfur-containing dyes me ka paʻakikī molecular structure.Hana ʻia ia me kekahi mau amine ʻono, aminophenols a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe i hoʻomehana ʻia me ka sulfur a i ʻole ka sodium polysulfide, ʻo ia hoʻi, vulcanized.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā kala Sulfide i ka wai, a i ke kala ʻana, pono lākou e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka sodium sulfide a i ʻole ka ʻinikua ʻinikua pauka e hoʻemi i ka leaches, a laila oxidized e hōʻike i ke kala ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i ka fiber.
ʻO ka nānā ʻana o nā wai kala sulfur
Ua hana ʻia nā dyes Vulcanized no ka hoʻolulo ʻana i ka fiber cellulose no ka manawa mua mai ka makahiki 1873, a he maʻalahi kāna kaʻina hana, maʻamau i hana ʻia me nā amines aromatic a i ʻole nā mea phenolic i hui pū ʻia me ka sulfur a i ʻole ka sodium polysulfide a me ka wela.ʻO ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, maʻalahi ka hoʻohana ʻana, ʻaʻohe kaohi ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa, me ka wikiwiki holoi holoi a me ka wikiwiki o ka lā, he mea pena kaulana.Eia naʻe, no ka mea, he papa ia o ka wai-insoluble dyes, i ka wā e hoʻoluʻu ai, ua hoʻemi ʻia lākou i ka soluble lemony sodium paʻakai i loko o ka hopena alkali sulfide, ma hope o ke kala ʻana i ka fiber kanaka, ma hope o ka oxidation e lilo i insoluble state i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka fiber, no laila ke kaʻina hana dyeing. paʻakikī, a ma lalo o nā kūlana alkaline ikaika ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hulu hipa, siliki a me nā mea protein ʻē aʻe.
No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea hoʻoluʻu vulcanized i ke kala ʻana i nā fiber cellulose, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i nā huahana ʻeleʻele o nā lole pulupulu, nona nā kala like ʻole.ʻeleʻele sulfurasulfur blue
sulfur ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele gd sulfur brown dye
ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula lgf
ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele 10 kala melemele
sulfur melemele 2 pauda melemele
sulfur bordeaux 3b sulfur ʻulaʻula pauka
ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia.
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ke ʻano hoʻoluʻu ʻana o nā wai sulfide
Hoʻemi ʻia ka waiʻona sulfide a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi hopena dye, a ʻo ka leucochroma dye i hana ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia e ka cellulose fibers a mālama ʻia e ka ea oxidation e hōʻike i ka cellulose fibers i ke kala i makemake ʻia.ʻO kona ʻano hoʻohālikelike kemika
DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
ʻAʻohe pili o ka makua dye sulfide no ka fiber, a aia i loko o kona hale nā mea paʻa sulfur (1 S 1), nā mea paʻa disulfide (1 s — S) a i ʻole nā mea paʻa polysulfide (1 Sx 1), i hoʻemi ʻia i kahi hui hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) ma lalo o ka hana o ka sodium sulfide hoʻemi ʻana, a lilo i leucochromic sodium paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai.ʻO ke kumu o ka pilina maikaʻi ʻana o nā leucochromes no nā fiber cellulose, ʻo ia ka nui o nā molekala o nā mea pena, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea e hoʻopuka ai i nā ikaika van der Waals a me nā ikaika hoʻopaʻa hydrogen ma waena o nā fibers.
Iii.Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā wai kala sulfur
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wai kala sulfide i ʻehā mau ʻāpana:
1, pauda sulfide waiu
ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike maʻamau: DSSD, pono e hoʻohana i ka paila sodium sulfide, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma hope o ka noi.
2, hydrolytic sulfide dyes
ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike maʻamau: D-SSO3Na, hana ʻia kēia ʻano wai me ka sodium sulfite a i ʻole ka sodium bisulfite i ka mālama ʻana i nā dyes sulfide kuʻuna, ʻo nā mea pena i loko o nā hui hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, no laila hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā mea hoʻemi i ka wai, ʻaʻohe pili. no nā fiber, hoʻohana maʻamau ke ʻano hoʻoluʻu pad hoʻokuʻu i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka lole.
3, wai sulfide wai
ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o ka hoʻolālā kala ʻo ia: D-SNa, loaʻa kahi nui o ka mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa, ua hoʻemi mua ʻia ka wai i ka leptochroma hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
Ma mua o ka makahiki 1936, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka wai i loko o ke ʻano pauda ma ke ʻano kālepa.I ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai, ua hoʻomāhana pū ʻia ka wai kala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka pauda e hoʻolapalapa ʻia me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, soda lehu wai e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.I ka makahiki 1936, ua hana ʻo John Le Clester o ʻAmelika i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe wai sulfide paʻa i hoʻohaʻahaʻa mua ʻia, a loaʻa iā ia kahi patent, i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa he wai sulfide dye.
4, ka wai hoʻoluʻu sulfide kaiapuni
I ke kaʻina hana, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i loko o nā leaches dye, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka sulfur content a me ka polysulfide ma mua o nā mea ʻala sulfide maʻamau.He kiʻekiʻe ka maʻemaʻe o ka wai, ka pae hoʻemi paʻa a me ka permeability maikaʻi.I ka manawa like, hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa binary o ka glucose a me ka pauka ʻinikua i ka ʻauʻau wai, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻemi wale i ka dye sulfide akā ke pāʻani pū kekahi i ka pale o ke kaiapuni.
ʻO ka hā, ʻo ke kaʻina hoʻoluʻu ʻana o nā mea ʻala sulfide
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana vulcanization i nā ʻanuʻu ʻehā:
1. Hoemi i na wai waihooluu
He mea maʻalahi ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā dyes sulfide, a ʻo ka sodium sulfide ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea hana alkali.I mea e pale aku ai i ka leucophore mai ka hydrolyzed, hiki ke hoʻohui pono ʻia nā mea e like me ka soda lehu, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke ikaika loa ka wai ʻauʻau alkaline, i ʻole e lohi ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka wai.
2, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka wai i loko o ka hopena wai e ka fiber
Aia ka leucophore o ka sulfide dye i loko o ka moku'āina anion i loko o ka hopena dye, loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai pono i ka cellulose fiber, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka fiber a hoʻolaha ʻia i loko o ka fiber i loko.He haʻahaʻa ka waiwai pololei o ka sulfur dyes i cellulose fiber, me ka hoʻohana maʻamau i kahi ratio ʻauʻau liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai e hoʻohui ana i nā electrolytes kūpono, i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka helu dyeing, leveling a me ka permeability.
3, oxidation lapaʻau
Ma hope o ke kala ʻana i ka fiber, pono e hoʻokahe ʻia ka sulfur dye leuco e hōʻike i ke kala i makemake ʻia.He hana koʻikoʻi ka oxidation ma hope o ka waiho ʻana i nā mea pena vulcanized.Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai vulcanized maʻalahi e ka ea ma hope o ke kala ʻana ma ka holoi ʻana a me ka ea, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke ʻano o ka ea oxidation;No kekahi mau dyes sulfide ʻaʻole maʻalahi e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe e hoʻoikaika ai i ka oxidation.
4. Mahope o ka hana ana
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, ka ʻaila, anti-embrittlement a me ka hoʻoponopono kala.Pono e holoi pono ʻia nā wai sulfur ma hope o ke kala ʻana e hōʻemi i ke koena o ka sulfur ma ka lole a pale i ka brittleness o ka lole, no ka mea, ʻo ka sulfur i loko o ka wai a me ka sulfur i loko o ka alkali sulfide he maʻalahi ke oxidize i ka lewa e hoʻohua ai i ka sulfuric acid, e hoʻoulu ai i ka waikawa. ʻO ka hydrolysis o ka fiber cellulose a hoʻemi i ka ikaika o ka palupalu o ka fiber.No laila, hiki ke mālama ʻia me nā anti-brittleness loss agents, e like me: urea, trisodium phosphate, iwi glue, sodium acetate, etc. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka solarization a me ka soping fastness o nā mea vulcanized dyes, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kala ma hope o ke kala ʻana.ʻElua mau ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono kala ʻana: ka mālama paʻakai metala (e like me: potassium dichromate, copper sulfate, copper acetate a me ka hui ʻana o kēia mau paʻakai) a me ka cationic color fixing agent treatment.
ʻeleʻele a me vulcanized uliuli ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia.
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ke ʻano hoʻoluʻu ʻana o nā wai sulfide
Hoʻemi ʻia ka waiʻona sulfide a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi hopena dye, a ʻo ka leucochroma dye i hana ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia e ka cellulose fibers a mālama ʻia e ka ea oxidation e hōʻike i ka cellulose fibers i ke kala i makemake ʻia.ʻO kona ʻano hoʻohālikelike kemika
DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
ʻAʻohe pili o ka makua dye sulfide no ka fiber, a aia i loko o kona hale nā mea paʻa sulfur (1 S 1), nā paʻa disulfide (1 s — S) a i ʻole nā mea paʻa polysulfide (1 Sx 1), i hoʻemi ʻia i kahi hui hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) ma lalo o ka hana o ka sodium sulfide ho'ēmi 'ana, a lilo i leucochromic sodium paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai.ʻO ke kumu o ka pili maikaʻi ʻana o nā leucochromes me nā fiber cellulose, ʻo ia ka nui o nā molekala o nā mea pena, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea e hoʻopuka ai i nā ikaika van der Waals a me nā ikaika hoʻopaʻa hydrogen ma waena o nā fiber.
Iii.Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā wai kala sulfur
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wai kala sulfide i ʻehā mau ʻāpana:
1, pauda sulfide waiu
ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike maʻamau: DSSD, pono e hoʻohana i ka paila sodium sulfide, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma hope o ka noi.
2, hydrolytic sulfide dyes
ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike maʻamau: D-SSO3Na, hana ʻia kēia ʻano wai me ka sodium sulfite a i ʻole ka sodium bisulfite i ka mālama ʻana i nā dyes sulfide kuʻuna, ʻo nā mea pena i loko o nā hui hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, no laila hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā mea hoʻemi i ka wai, ʻaʻohe pili. no nā pulupulu, hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ke ʻano waihoʻoluʻu pad hoʻomaha i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka lole.3, wai sulfide wai
ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o ka hoʻolālā kala ʻo ia: D-SNa, i loaʻa kahi nui o ka mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa, ua hoʻemi mua ʻia ka wai i loko o ka leptochroma soluble.
Ma mua o ka makahiki 1936, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka wai i loko o ke ʻano pauda ma ke ʻano kālepa.I ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai, ua hoʻomāhana pū ʻia ka wai kala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka pauda e hoʻolapalapa ʻia me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, soda lehu wai e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.I ka makahiki 1936, ua hana ʻo John Le Clester o ʻAmelika i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe wai sulfide paʻa i hoʻohaʻahaʻa mua ʻia, a loaʻa iā ia kahi patent, i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa he wai sulfide dye.
4, ka wai hoʻoluʻu sulfide kaiapuni
I ke kaʻina hana, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i loko o nā leaches dye, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka sulfur content a me ka polysulfide content ma mua o nā dyes sulfide maʻamau.He kiʻekiʻe ka maʻemaʻe o ka wai, ka pae hoʻemi paʻa a me ka permeability maikaʻi.I ka manawa like, hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa binary o ka glucose a me ka pauka ʻinikua i ka ʻauʻau wai, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻemi wale i ka dye sulfide akā ke pāʻani pū kekahi i ka pale o ke kaiapuni.
ʻO ka hā, ʻo ke kaʻina hoʻoluʻu ʻana o nā mea ʻala sulfide
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana vulcanization i nā ʻanuʻu ʻehā:
1. Hoemi i na wai waihooluu
He mea maʻalahi ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā dyes sulfide, a ʻo ka sodium sulfide ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea hana alkali.I mea e pale aku ai i ka leucophore mai ka hydrolyzed, hiki ke hoʻohui pono ʻia nā mea e like me ka soda lehu, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke ikaika loa ka wai ʻauʻau alkaline, i ʻole e lohi ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka wai.
2, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka wai i loko o ka hopena wai e ka fiber
Aia ka leucophore o ka sulfide dye i loko o ka moku'āina anion i loko o ka hopena dye, loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai pono i ka cellulose fiber, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka fiber a hoʻolaha ʻia i loko o ka fiber i loko.He haʻahaʻa ka waiwai pololei o ka sulfur dyes i cellulose fiber, me ka hoʻohana maʻamau i kahi ratio ʻauʻau liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai e hoʻohui ana i nā electrolytes kūpono, i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka helu dyeing, leveling a me ka permeability.
3, oxidation lapaʻau
Ma hope o ke kala ʻana i ka fiber, pono e hoʻokahe ʻia ka sulfur dye leuco e hōʻike i ke kala i makemake ʻia.He hana koʻikoʻi ka oxidation ma hope o ka waiho ʻana i nā mea pena vulcanized.Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai vulcanized maʻalahi e ka ea ma hope o ke kala ʻana ma ka holoi ʻana a me ka ea, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke ʻano o ka ea oxidation;No kekahi mau dyes sulfide ʻaʻole maʻalahi e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe e hoʻoikaika ai i ka oxidation.
4. Mahope o ka hana ana
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, ka ʻaila, anti-embrittlement a me ka hoʻoponopono kala.Pono e holoi pono ʻia nā wai sulfur ma hope o ke kala ʻana e hōʻemi i ke koena o ka sulfur ma ka lole a pale i ka brittleness o ka lole, no ka mea, ʻo ka sulfur i loko o ka wai a me ka sulfur i loko o ka alkali sulfide he maʻalahi ke oxidize i ka lewa e hoʻohua ai i ka sulfuric acid, e hoʻoulu ai i ka waikawa. ʻO ka hydrolysis o ka fiber cellulose a hoʻemi i ka ikaika o ka palupalu o ka fiber.No laila, hiki ke mālama ʻia me nā anti-brittleness loss agents, e like me: urea, trisodium phosphate, iwi glue, sodium acetate, etc. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka solarization a me ka soping fastness o nā mea vulcanized dyes, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kala ma hope o ke kala ʻana.ʻElua mau ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono kala ʻana: ka mālama paʻakai metala (e like me: potassium dichromate, copper sulfate, copper acetate a me ka hui ʻana o kēia mau paʻakai) a me ka cationic color fixing agent treatment.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-19-2023